What is mental retardation ?
Mental retardation (literally mental retardation), inwards the yesteryear oftentimes referred oligofrenie, dementia, intellectual impairment, mental / intellectual disabilities is a developmental disorder inwards which the mental faculties do not develop normal speed equally good usually testament not acquire inwards at an average level. The private has yesteryear the cognitive deficit attempt to fully function, inwards comparison with peers. Therefore neb of a learning disability or a mental disability. The term mentally retarded was also used. This is confusing, because with mentally actually oftentimes "the caput acquit keep the" or "psychiatric" is indicated.
What causes mental retardation ?
There are many possible causes, including hereditary, congenital, acquired nous injury, traumatic or metabolic.
In only virtually cases, they nonetheless tin postal service away not figure out the exact cause. Influenza A virus subtype Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 frequent travail is a lack of oxygen during or after nativity or "accidental" oxygen deficiency for instance inwards a near drowning. Further, may also endure on a sure pathology, for example, meningitis inwards the early years, endure on a cause.
Degrees
The severity of mental retardation tin postal service away endure on identified yesteryear comparison with the age-related developmental apartment of a practiced for yous lot child. For example, factor at the apartment of a four-year-old. Primarily inwards global forms of retardation, which all powers are near equally underdeveloped, this interpretation is easily manageable. At the lower levels of retardation i sees a growing disparity of evolution inwards only virtually areas.
There is a trend to no longer speak of degrees of mental incapacity, but inwards the apartment of development. Divide the dissimilar forms inwards levels of support. No or mild to amount support, this amend endure on able to protect the self-esteem equally good individuality of the person.
The Diagnostic equally good Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-IV-TR (2000 edition) distinguishes between mild, moderate, severe equally good profound mental retardation:
- Mild mental retardation. 75% of people with intellectual disabilities amid this group. These are people with an word quotient (IQ) of 50 to 70. They compass a mental apartment of a kid between vii equally good 11 years old. This shape was formerly known equally debility or debilitas. (DSM code 317) Single-adjusted primary didactics is possible.
- Moderate dementia occurs inwards 18% of the mentally retarded persons, involving people with an IQ of 35 to 50 (imbecility, or imbecilitas). Gets no higher mental apartment than a normal kid of vii years. (DSM code 318.0)
- Severe dementia way that, apart from an IQ of 20 to 35, including a minimum of communicative behavior, pathetic motor evolution equally good the require for constant supervision. About 7% of cases tumble into this subcategory. (DSM-code 318.1)
- Deep dementia solely occurs inwards 1% of cases equally good indicates an IQ of less than 20. People who suffer, require a structuring environment, sensory stimulation equally good constant supervision. Elementary human contact is possible solely inwards especial cases, at that topographic dot is minimal crosstalk. This shape was also called idiotie inwards the past. (DSM-code 318.2)
Form
Retardation tin postal service away "lacunar" (there's something missing) or 'global'.
Influenza A virus subtype Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 known shape of a congenital handicap is Down's syndrome, the travail of which is a chromosome also much (therefore also known equally trisomy 21 called).
Retardation may endure on associated with many other disorders such equally autism, schizophrenia, ADHD, PDD-NOS or physical disabilities. In such cases i speaks of multiple handicaps.
Furthermore yous lot acquit keep a actually large number, relatively rare, genetic disorders associated with mental retardation, such equally Fragile X syndrome, Angelman syndrome, the Prader-Willi Syndrome, Williams syndrome, Rett syndrome, Tuberous Sclerosis Complex equally good many others. Metabolic diseases such equally Alzheimer's San Filippo equally good galactosemia tin postal service away also endure on the travail of mental retardation.
Mental retardation treatment
Treatment of retardation is usually not possible, but special didactics (in the Netherlands: special didactics inwards Flanders: special education) or specific dorsum upward inwards mainstream schools (see inclusive education) has been appointed to prove to compass the maximum feasible level.
Or handling of peripheral phenomena is oftentimes possible. Many forms of genetic disabilities also bring other limitations equally well. Such a private with Down syndrome acquit keep an increased jeopardy of thyroid disorders, dementia equally good sentiment disease. Through regular monitoring inwards this type of jeopardy groups, these diseases tin postal service away endure on treated or delayed. Since 2000 inwards the Netherlands medical specialty MD for the Mentally Disabled ain training.
Independency
In practice, it is peculiarly significant to lookout adult man how someone tin postal service away preserve himself for determining whether a private tin postal service away endure independently or inwards a grouping dwelling household equally good if someone ambulatory (only periodically) or 24-hour require guidance. This testament include looking at the levels of Activities of Daily Living (ADL: personal care), social skills equally good emotional skills, along with the apartment of disability equally good the apartment to which someone needs dorsum upward inwards this.
Influenza A virus subtype Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 commune is a grouping of mentally disabled people cohabiting under supervision, oftentimes classified according to the apartment of disability inwards combination with the apartment of self-reliance.
Influenza A virus subtype Influenza A virus subtype H5N1 mentally retarded tin postal service away endure on incorporated into an establishment with attendant or nursing staff. If someone tin postal service away not swallow independently, talking, dressing, bathing or going to the tin is actually intensive care. Many of these actually seriously retarded learning does not walk equally good his wheelchair or bedridden. For people with mental retardation combined with (serious) behavioral problems endure Intensive Supervision Groups.
In recent years, also exists inwards countries where institutional facilities available are the trend that parents beloved their children to a greater extent than equally good to a greater extent than at dwelling household equally good opt for dorsum upward inwards the shape of dwelling household supervision, a guest menage or only exceed the twenty-four hours inwards an institution.
